Papers with end-to-end models
Hierarchical Losses and New Resources for Fine-grained Entity Typing and Linking (P18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to incorporate hierarchical information into knowledge bases have yielded little benefit. |
| Approach: | They propose methods to integrate hierarchical information using real bilinear mappings . they also propose two new datasets containing wide and deep hierarchies . |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods improve on flat predictions and fine-grained entity typing on FIGER dataset. |
RETURNN as a Generic Flexible Neural Toolkit with Application to Translation and Speech Recognition (P18-4)
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| Challenge: | Using RETURNN, we train and decode attention models for translation and speech recognition. |
| Approach: | They propose a layer-wise pretraining scheme for recurrent attention models and show its significant effect on deep recurrence encoder networks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed training and decoding scheme improves 1% on expected training and improves on WMT 2017 and Switchboard. |
Discourse-Based Sentence Splitting (2021.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Sentence splitting is a key component of sentence simplification and has been shown to help human comprehension. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a discourse connective to generate a sentence that is shorter than the input text. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models outperform end-to-end models in learning the various ways of expressing a discourse relation but generate text that is less grammatical. |
Consistent Transcription and Translation of Speech (2020.tacl-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing models that translate without transcribing focus on translation quality, while transcription receives less emphasis. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to evaluate consistency and compare different approaches . they propose 'coupled inference' models that feature a coupled inference procedure can achieve strong consistency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is poorly suited to the joint transcription/translation task, but is strong enough to train for consistency. |
Evaluating and Improving the Coreference Capabilities of Machine Translation Models (2023.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Currently, end-to-end models learn coreference resolution implicitly by observing aligned sentences in bilingual corpora. |
| Approach: | They develop a method that derives coreference clusters from MT output and evaluates them without requiring annotations in the target language. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on three challenging benchmarks. |
Grounded Graph Decoding improves Compositional Generalization in Question Answering (2021.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Current compositional generalization models lose syntax context when learning a flat input . a new method to improve compositional globalization is proposed to ground structured predictions with an attention mechanism. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to ground structured predictions by a structure-based attention mechanism. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method performs competitively on the Compositional Freebase Questions dataset. |
Tell-and-Answer: Towards Explainable Visual Question Answering using Attributes and Captions (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to visual question answering represent images using pre-trained CNNs . but they rarely provide any insight, apart from the answer, into the VQA process . |
| Approach: | They propose to break up the end-to-end VQA into two steps: explaining and reasoning . they first extract attributes and generate descriptions as explanations for an image . a reasoning module utilizes these explanations in place of the image to infer an answer . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system achieves comparable performance with baselines, but with added benefits of explanability and the ability to improve with higher quality explanations. |
End-to-End Chinese Speaker Identification (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for speaker identification in texts are incomplete and introduce errors that propagate and seriously affect the final output. |
| Approach: | They propose to use speaker identification (SI) in texts to identify the speaker(s) for each utterance in texts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can achieve comparable or better than previous state-of-the-art methods on all public SI datasets for Chinese. |
Incomplete Utterance Rewriting by A Two-Phase Locate-and-Fill Regime (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing models with incomplete utterances have too large search space, resulting in poor quality of rewriting results. |
| Approach: | They propose a 2-phase rewriting framework which predicts empty slots in the utterance that need to be completed and generates the part to be filled into each position. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art results on several public rewriting datasets. |
Learning Shared Semantic Space for Speech-to-Text Translation (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | End-to-end speech translation (ST) has been treated as an independent task . however, the modality gap has rendered MT data and its end-to end models incompatible with their ST counterparts. |
| Approach: | They propose to bridge the representation gap between text and audio inputs by projecting audio and text features to a common semantic representation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves performance on two ST benchmarks and achieves 27.1 BLEU on MuST-C EN-DE. |
Streaming Models for Joint Speech Recognition and Translation (2021.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Using end-to-end models for speech translation has become a focus of the ST community . cascaded models have the advantage of including automatic speech recognition output . |
| Approach: | They propose a model that condenses sound waves into translated text and integrates automatic speech recognition outputs into the models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is statistically similar to cascading models, but has half the number of parameters. |
Phone Features Improve Speech Translation (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | End-to-end models for speech translation more tightly couple speech recognition (ASR) and machine translation (MT) compared to cascades, but performance gap remains in low-resource conditions . |
| Approach: | They propose two methods to incorporate phone features into current neural speech translation models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models outperform existing models and cascades by up to 9 BLEU on low-resource conditions. |
ChildTalk: A Multi-Dialect Chinese Child Speech Corpus with Full-Length Child–Caregiver Conversations for Speech Recognition (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Automatic speech recognition (ASR) for children remains challenging due to developmental variability and the scarcity of high-quality corpora. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale Chinese child speech corpus that contains 112.5 hours of speech from 498 children and 500 caregivers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves in-domain and cross-domain performance on children's speech. |
Decoupled Dialogue Modeling and Semantic Parsing for Multi-Turn Text-to-SQL (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on Text-to-SQL for multi-turn dialogue has attracted great interest . current approaches mostly employ end-to end models and face data sparsity problems . |
| Approach: | They propose a decoupled multi-turn text-to-SQL framework where dialogue context is explicitly solved by an utterance rewrite model and a single-turn Text-toSQl parser are proposed. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing models on SParC and CoSQL datasets without annotated in-domain data. |
Mapping probability word problems to executable representations (2021.emnlp-main)
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Simon Suster, Pieter Fivez, Pietro Totis, Angelika Kimmig, Jesse Davis, Luc de Raedt, Walter Daelemans
| Challenge: | a recent paper addresses the problem of solving math word problems automatically . a number of approaches have been proposed for solving word problems . |
| Approach: | They employ a sequence-to-sequence model to generate intermediate representations for word problems . they then use a probabilistic programming system to provide the answer . their best performing model incorporates general-domain contextualised word representations . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is the best performing on a declarative language and a probabilistic programming system. |
Translatotron-V(ison): An End-to-End Model for In-Image Machine Translation (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | In-image machine translation (IIMT) aims to translate an image containing texts in source language into an image with translations in target language. |
| Approach: | They propose an end-to-end IIMT model with four modules that translate images . they propose a two-stage training framework to assist the model in learning alignment across languages . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms cascaded models with only 70.9% of parameters and is highly accurate. |
Scaling Within Document Coreference to Long Texts (2021.findings-acl)
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Raghuveer Thirukovalluru, Nicholas Monath, Kumar Shridhar, Manzil Zaheer, Mrinmaya Sachan, Andrew McCallum
| Challenge: | Existing end-to-end coreference resolution models use expensive span representations and antecedent prediction mechanisms. |
| Approach: | They propose an approximation to end-to-end coreference resolution models which scales gracefully to documents of any length. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model reduces training and inference time and memory costs compared to current models with minimal loss in accuracy. |
DOROTHIE: Spoken Dialogue for Handling Unexpected Situations in Interactive Autonomous Driving Agents (2022.findings-emnlp)
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Ziqiao Ma, Benjamin VanDerPloeg, Cristian-Paul Bara, Yidong Huang, Eui-In Kim, Felix Gervits, Matthew Marge, Joyce Chai
| Challenge: | Empowering autonomous driving agents with the ability to navigate in a continuous and dynamic environment is critical. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel interactive simulation platform that enables the creation of unexpected situations on the fly to support empirical studies on situated communication with autonomous driving agents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed platform enables the creation of unexpected situations on the fly to support empirical studies on situated communication with autonomous driving agents. |
Dynamic Global Memory for Document-level Argument Extraction (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on document-level event argument extraction is restricted by sequence length constraints and ignores global context between events. |
| Approach: | They propose to construct a document memory store to extract contextual event information and leverage it to implicitly and explicitly help with decoding of arguments for later events. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms prior methods and is more robust to adversarially annotated examples with constrained decoding design. |
TeleMelody: Lyric-to-Melody Generation with a Template-Based Two-Stage Method (2022.emnlp-main)
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Zeqian Ju, Peiling Lu, Xu Tan, Rui Wang, Chen Zhang, Songruoyao Wu, Kejun Zhang, Xiang-Yang Li, Tao Qin, Tie-Yan Liu
| Challenge: | a new lyric-to-melody generation system bridges the gap between lyrics and melodies . previous generation systems lack paired data and lack of control on generated melodie. |
| Approach: | They develop a lyric-to-melody generation system with music template to bridge the gap between lyrics and melodies. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system bridges the gap between lyrics and melodies by using music template. |
CA-EHN: Commonsense Analogy from E-HowNet (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing word analogy datasets rely on handcrafted words with only dozens of predefined relations. |
| Approach: | They present a commonsense word analogy dataset with 90,505 analogies . they use an ontology that annotates 88K Chinese words with their structured sense definitions and English translations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset shows that word representations embed commonsense knowledge. |
ByGPT5: End-to-End Style-conditioned Poetry Generation with Token-free Language Models (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | End-to-end models learn to complete a task by directly learning all steps, without intermediary algorithms such as hand-crafted rules or post-processing. |
| Approach: | They propose to train end-to-end poetry generation conditioned on styles such as rhyme, meter, and alliteration . they pre-train ByGPT5, a new token-free decoder-only language model, and fine-tune it on a custom corpus of English and German quatrains . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms other models on a large custom corpus of English and German quatrains while being more parameter efficient and performing favorably compared to humans. |
Cross-document Coreference Resolution over Predicted Mentions (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Cross-document coreference resolution has been under-explored in recent years . however, the challenge of cross-document resolution remains relatively under-studied . |
| Approach: | They propose a model for cross-document coreference resolution from raw text that extends a prominent withindocument corefer model to the CD setting. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves competitive results for event and entity coreference resolution on gold mentions. |
Task-Optimized Adapters for an End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialogue System (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on end-to-end dialogue models with pre-trained dialogue corpora shows promising performance in the conversational system. |
| Approach: | They propose an end-to-end TOD system with task-optimized adapters which learn independently per task adding only small number of parameters after fixed layers of pre-trained network. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system achieves state-of-the-art performance on the MultiWOZ benchmark compared to existing models. |
CoVoST: A Diverse Multilingual Speech-To-Text Translation Corpus (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets involve language pairs with English as source language, are low resource or lack labeled data. |
| Approach: | They propose a multilingual speech-to-text translation corpus from 11 languages into English . they provide empirical evidence of the quality of the data and provide initial benchmarks . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is the first end-to-end multilingual model for spoken language translation. |
Speech Translation and the End-to-End Promise: Taking Stock of Where We Are (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Until recently, the only feasible approach to translating acoustic speech signals into text was the cascaded approach. |
| Approach: | They propose a classification of the main challenges of traditional approaches to speech translation . they argue that end-to-end models fall short due to compromises made to address data scarcity . |
| Outcome: | This paper provides a brief survey of the main challenges of traditional approaches in speech translation . it reveals that many end-to-end models fail due to compromises made to address data scarcity. |
Learn Your Tokens: Word-Pooled Tokenization for Language Modeling (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Language models typically tokenize text into subwords, using a deterministic, hand-engineered heuristic of combining characters into longer surface-level strings such as ‘ing’ or whole words. |
| Approach: | They propose a 'learn your tokens' scheme which pooles bytes/characters into word representations and decodes individual characters/bytes per word in parallel. |
| Outcome: | The proposed tokenizer outperforms subword models and byte/character models over the word boundary and outperformed on rare words by a factor of 30! |
SSR7000: A Synchronized Corpus of Ultrasound Tongue Imaging for End-to-End Silent Speech Recognition (2022.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for silent speech recognition have not been able to capture large datasets. |
| Approach: | They present a corpus of synchronized ultrasound tongue and lip images for silent speech recognition . they use a large dataset to exploit the performance of the end-to-end models . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models in a large dataset of ultrasound tongue and lip images . the dataset contains more utterances per person than any other based on ultrasound imaging . |
Let Me Choose: From Verbal Context to Font Selection (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Current font selection interfaces do not consider verbal context of the input text. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset containing examples of different topics in social media posts and ads, labeled through crowd-sourcing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model captures inter-subjectivity across annotations on a dataset of social media posts and ads labeled through crowd-sourcing. |
Indic-TEDST: Datasets and Baselines for Low-Resource Speech to Text Translation (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Speech-to-text Translation (ST) tasks are performed by human translators with proficiency in both the source and target languages. |
| Approach: | a new study compares the performance of SOTA ST models on low-resource languages . the authors propose to use a dataset to compare the models on high-resourced languages based on the results of their research . |
| Outcome: | a new study shows that only a few models have performed well on low-resource languages . the results indicate the need for specialized models for low- and high-resourced languages based on the dataset . |
TST: A Schema-Based Top-Down and Dynamic-Aware Agent of Text-to-Table Tasks (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to extract text content based on static table structures neglect to deal with precise inner-document evidence extraction and dynamic information such as multiple entities and events. |
| Approach: | They propose a dynamic content extraction agent framework that uses type recognition to extract context evidences with the conduction of domain schema sequentially. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework exhibits state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on a large dataset. |
Sali4Vid: Saliency-Aware Video Reweighting and Adaptive Caption Retrieval for Dense Video Captioning (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent work proposes end-to-end models but suffer from limitations . prior work focused on generating captions from long video streams . |
| Approach: | They propose a saliency-aware framework that localizes events and generates captions for each event. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art results on YouCook2 and ViTT. |
SpeechIQ: Speech-Agentic Intelligence Quotient Across Cognitive Levels in Voice Understanding by Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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Zhen Wan, Chao-Han Huck Yang, Yahan Yu, Jinchuan Tian, Sheng Li, Ke Hu, Zhehuai Chen, Shinji Watanabe, Fei Cheng, Chenhui Chu, Sadao Kurohashi
| Challenge: | SIQ quantifies voice understanding abilities and provides unified comparisons between cascaded methods and end-to-end models. |
| Approach: | They propose a human cognition-inspired evaluation pipeline for voice understanding large language models (LLM_Voice) that quantifies voice understanding abilities and provides unified comparisons between cascaded methods and end-to-end models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework quantifies voice understanding abilities and provides unified comparisons between cascaded methods and end-to-end models, identifies annotation errors in existing benchmarks, and detects hallucinations in LLM_Voice. |